In the 19th Century working on a merchant ship was a dangerous business, in 1876 the board of trade recorded that 856 British merchant ships were lost within ten miles of British coast, in conditions that were no worse than a strong breeze.Plimsoll got involved with the problem of ship safety from different attempts, in 1870 Plimsoll who was a coal merchant, became interested after attending a meeting on the subject so he began to write a book about the effects of overloading ships, Plimsoll discovered that the problem was worse than he had expected and began to campaign in the parliament with an aim of improving the safety at sea. The ship was overloaded with cargo and unseaworthy and only 19 survivors were able to escape the foundering ship by lifeboat, leaving a death toll of 220. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid.The Physics book was published by “A Pearson Company” and follows the guidelines which set by Edexcel and was written by Miles Hudson and Patrick FullickThe Plimsoll Sensation: The Great Campaign to Save Lives at Sea” which was written by Nicolette Jones in the year 2006Websites: oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/plimsoll-line.html” and “cikguwong.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/physics-form-4-chapter-3-application-of.html bickfordscience.com/04-Density_and_Buoyancy/02-buoyancy.htmlThis report shows what a plimsoll line is and why it was created.
Overloading and poor repair made some ships so dangerous that they became known as ‘coffin ships’ (2). Physics Form 4: Chapter 3 - Application of Archimedes Principle (Plimsoll Line) Plimsoll line is a mark on a vessel’s side indicating the maximum depth to which it may be safely immersed when loaded with cargo.
Large Ships. He fought to pass the law in the English parliament to mainly protect these sailors. Answer: The Plimsoll line is also known as International Load Line or water line it is the line where the hull of a ship meets the surface of the water. The position of this Plimsoll line obviously varies for different ships because ships of different sizes displace different amounts of water and therefore will experience a different magnitude of upthrust. The Plimsoll line is calculated using the ships volume and the density of the water that the ship is in. This shows that the implication of physics is very important in order to reduce the risk of inaccuracy of the plimsoll lines which could result in potential catastrophes.http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/plimsoll-line.htmlhttps://deepstop.wordpress.com/2009/02/26/buoyancy-salt-water-vs-fresh-water/4] Research article by T. G. Prasad titled ‘Annual and seasonal mean buoyancy fluxes for the tropical Indian Ocean’http://fc.codmanacademy.org/branches/geographya/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=6http://lilt.ilstu.edu/ewpeter/GEO360/Water%20Density%20Table.pdfhttp://www.quora.com/What-happens-to-water-between-0-and-4-degree-Celsius8] Evening Telegraph – Friday 03 June 1898; newspaper article titled ‘DEATH OF SAMUEL PLIMSOLL’ http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/sea-and-ships/facts/ships-and-seafarers/load-lineshttp://cnx.org/contents/031da8d3-b525-429c-80cf-6c8ed997733a@7.61:95/College_Physics11] Edexcel AS Physics Student Book (Edexcel A Level Sciences) by Miles Hudson and Patrick Fullick published 14th July 2008, Unit 1 Topic 2 Materials page 54Ships are used to transport passengers and cargos and as the load in ship increases, it sinks more in water. The Plimsoll line helps to check this because when loading the cargo, if the ship starts to sit lower in the water (as the weight starts to exceed upthrust) and the water level starts to go above the Plimsoll line, it tells the crew that there is a dangerous amount of weight on board and the water will not provide enough upthrust to support the weight (7). The ship sinks lower in the water, as cargo is loaded, to displace a greater weight of water. The Plimsoll line can allow you to see how much overload you can put on the ship before its gets too low in the water. Essentially, we get the inequality: volume of fluid displaced (the volume of water displaced is the same as the volume of the part of the ship that is submerged.) The table below shows the density of water at different temperatures:The above table shows that as the temperature increases the density of water decreases. Density is the mass per unit volume. The density of sea water can vary due to the level of salt in the water and the surrounding temperature. [1] Edexcel AS Physics by Miles Hudson and Patrick Fullick[2] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)[4] The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea – Peter Kemp (Oxford University Press)A plimsoll line is a line that is shown on a ship to illustrate the maximum depth of submersion when ship is loaded with cargo. The ship was travelling from Gravesend in England to Melbourne, Australia, when she began taking in water on 10 January, with 239 persons aboard. He fought a long struggle to pass the law in the English Parliament to protect sailors Although seafaring merchants understood how dangerous overloaded ships could be, the ship-owners were sometimes tempted to risk it because of the huge profits that they could make when a large amount of cargo was sold abroad.
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