Learn More . Both engaged in fairly regular violence against one another and against urban settlements – mainly in the form of raiding and extorting protection money. Each sept (branch) of this clan had a chieftain, with authority over his kindred and their territory.According to George Carew, the Lord President of Munster in the late 1590s, election and the approval of an overlord (‘giving of the rod’) were equally important in the succession of a chieftain, ‘the rod avails nothing except he be chosen by the followers, not yet the election without the rod’In theory the head of Gaelic clan was elected by the ‘true kin’ from a wide pool of relatives.A Gaelic aristocrat could therefore aspire to authority over a very wide kin group as well as over his dependants and tenants. George Carew made a report in 1600, at the height of the Nine Years War, on the type of military mobilisation that could be expected in the Clan Carthy area.By the 16th century, Gaelic lords relied heavily on Scottish mercenaries known as gallowglass,Carew’s third category of Gaelic soldiers was ‘kernty’ (The Gaelic Irish were not, as the English claimed, lawless, but followed instead “Brehon law”, which was written down in the 8The kin-group rather than the individual was responsible for paying fines and as a result the family was supposed to prevent kinsmen from committing crimes in the first place. Thus the O’Neills had an ancient scroll laying down The Gaelic order was also buttressed by the poets and annalists, who like the Brehons, were hereditary classes, but who also had to study arduously to attain the status of oThe Gaelic Irish shared a common language (although different dialects were spoken in different provinces), a common culture and social system, and a common history of defeat at the hands of the English. McNeil, for example, is also spelt McNeill, MacNeil, MacNèill, MacNeill and McNeal.VisitScotland uses cookies to enhance your experience on our website. The analysis behind this policy was that Ireland’s chronic violence was caused by the permanent quartering of mercenaries by local lords (known as “bonnacht” to the Irish and “coign and livery” to the English).Tudor English policy was to break the link between lords and their armed followers.With all titles to lands regularised and legalised under surrender and regrant, this would no longer be necessary. Both patronised Irish culture such as bards, poets and musicians (so for example, Old English as well as Irish lords began to have their military feats recorded and praised in Gaelic literature).
The clans lived off the land, with cattle being their main source of wealth and, along with border disputes, the prime cause of inter-clan unrest.
Nor were state land confiscations at an end, it became common practise to confiscate a portion of a native lord’s land and grant it to English settlers before giving him legal charter to the rest.The old cultural order was definitively at an end.
The territory of the clan was their The Gaelic Irish practised ‘agnatic patrilineal descent’, in other words the membership of family included all those descended from a given ancestor on their male side. The Gaelic connection can be seen in names such as Craig (from the Gaelic creag, which means crag or rocks) and Cameron (from cam and sròn (camshròin: crooked nose). Pet Friendly Holidays, Dog Friendly Breaks & More
The staple crop was corn, which had the considerable disadvantage that it was difficult to grow and easy to destroy. One of the biggest changes in the new century was the elimination of private violence.The English put an end to feuding, raiding and maintaining private armies on pain of death.
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